The assembly of this study started in 2013 during the preparation of the foundation of the Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research Campus, an institution supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Science, concentrating on DC technology in power grids as an enabler for the energy transition. It reflects the state-of-the-art and research needs of DC technology against the background of application in public grids up until the year 2015. Topics as components, control, management and automation, high-, medium, and low-voltage grid concepts as well as social dimensions, economics, and impact on living beings are considered. After substantial editorial effort, its first public edition has become ready now.
The aim of FEN is to investigate and to develop flexible power grids. Such grid will safeguard the future energy supply with a high share of fluctuating and decentralized renewable energy sources. At the same time, these grids will enable a reliable and affordable energy supply in the future. The objective is to provide new technologies and concepts for the security and quality of the energy supply in the transmission and distribution grids.
To pursue this goal, the use of direct-current (DC) technology, based on power electronics, automation and communication technologies, plays an important role. Although DC technology is not yet established as a standard technology in the public electrical power supply system, its high potential has been widely recognized. The use of DC is an enabler to make the future energy supply system more economical than a system based on alternating-current (AC), because of its superior properties in handling distributed and fluctuation power generation. Indeed, DC connections are already the most cost-efficient solution in cases of very high-power long-distance point-to-point transmission of electricity or via submarine cables. The objective of the FEN Research Campus is now to achieve and demonstrate feasibility of DC as a standard solution for future electrical grids, as described in this study.

Autor/in

Sedigheh Rabiee

Sedigheh Rabiee received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering and information technology from Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, in 2008. She received the M.Sc. degree in electrical power engineering from Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany, in 2012. Her master thesis concentrated on the implementation of modular multilevel converters in a multiterminal HVDC system. From 2013 to 2018, she has been with the Institute for Power Generation and Storage Systems (PGS), E.ON Energy Research Center, RWTH Aachen University, as a Research Associate. Her research interests included application of power electronic devices and protection concepts in medium-voltage dc grids.

Marco Cupelli

Dr.-Ing. Marco Cupelli received the Diplom Wirt-Ing from the Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany, in 2008. He then worked for a consulting company. From 2009 he has been a Research Associate in the Institute of Automation of Complex Power Systems, E.ON Energy Research Center, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, until 2019, receiving his doctorate in 2015. He has been team lead "Control for low-inertia Power Systems" and eventually division head of "Power System Control and Automation". His research interests included stability issues in distribution networks, microgrids, and dc networks. Next to six journal publications he created 57 further scientific documents as author or co-author.

Mohsen Ferdowsi

Mohsen Ferdowsi, Ph.D. received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran in 2007 and 2009, respectively. He was a research Associate with the Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, from 2009 to 2011. From 2012 to 2017, he has been a Research Associate with RWTH Aachen University. His research interests included application of data-driven approaches to power system monitoring, co-simulation of power and communication systems, power quality, power system dynamics, and grid integration of renewable and distributed energy resources. In 2017 he received Ph.D.degree (summa cum laude) from RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.

Hanno Stagge

Dr.-Ing. Hanno Stagge received the Diploma degree in power systems engineering and the Ph.D. degree from Technical University Clausthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany, in 2004 and 2010, respectively. He was a Research Associate with the Institute for Electrical Power Engineering, Technical University Clausthal. From 2010 until 2015, he has been with the Institute for Power Generation and Storage Systems, E.ON Energy Research Center, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, as a Chief Engineer. He was the first scientific coordinator of the Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research Campus from 2014 to 2015 and organised this compilation of this study in the years from 2013 to 2015. He has been author and co-author of 27 scientific publications, of which six are journal publications.

Matthias Heidemann

Dr.-Ing. Matthias Heidemann received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. in business administration and electrical engineering from RWTH Aachen University, Germany, in 2010 and 2013, respectively. From 2013 to 2018, he was a Research Assistant at the Institute for High Voltage Technology (since 2020 Inst. for High Voltage Equipment and Grids, Digitalization and Energy Economics), RWTH Aachen University. His main research interests were protection and stability analyses of DC distribution grids. He defended his PhD Thesis on the "Development of an electrically and thermally coupled simulation model for modular multilevel converter" in 2018.

Robert Möller

Dr.-Ing. Robert Möller received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, in 2010 and 2013, respectively. From 2013 to 2019, he was a Research Assistant with the Institute for High Voltage Technology (since 2021 Inst. for High Voltage Equipment and Grids, Digitalization and Energy Economics), RWTH Aachen University. His main research interests were investigation on the frequency dependent breakdown voltage of insulation. He defended his PhD Thesis in 2020 in on "Investigation of the breakdown voltage of mineral, silicone oils and synthetic esters at medium-frequency voltages".

Bärbel Keysselitz

Bärbel Keysselitz received the B.A. and M.A. degrees in political science as well as in linguistics and communication studies from RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, in 2008 and 2011, respectively. From 2013 to 2019, she was a Research Assistant at the Institute of Political Science, RWTH Aachen University. In her research she focused on social aspects of innovations and technologies, the social embedding of science, technology and innovation as well as interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge production. This included the analysis and generation of socio-technical energy scenarios within the Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research Campus and other research projects.

Bianca Trevisan

Dr. Bianca Trevisan-Groddeck was a senior research assistant at the Chair of Text Linguistics and Technical Communication until 2015. In her research, she focused mainly on the analysis of Web corpora with Text Mining-methods, the development of methods and tools for Natural Language Processing (PoS-Tagging, multi-level annotation) as well as the improvement of methods for the collection of user evaluations. For FEN, she investigated the perception and acceptance of dc-technologies through the analysis of user-generated content from public discourse (e.g. news comments, Facebook-posts). Today, she works as a Senior Customer Program Manager at Alexa Data Services (ADS)/Amazon, where she was significantly responsible for 13 market launches since 2017 (7 languages: French, German, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese (Brazilian), Spanish) and 6 dialects: Australian, Canadian, Indian English, Canadian French, US Spanish, Mexican Spanish).

Rik W. De Doncker (Hrsg.)

Univ. Prof. Dr. ir. Dr. h. c. Rik W. De Doncker received his Ph.D. degree (summa cum laude) in electrical engineering from the Katholieke University, Leuven, Belgium in 1986. He was one of the first to implement DSP based field-oriented control for induction machines. In 1987, he went to University of Wisconsin (UW), Madison. Next to lecturing as a Visiting Associate Professor, he researched high-performance induction motor drives at WEMPEC. For the power distribution systems of the NASA space station he invented the dual active bridge dc-to-dc converter, today considered for multi-terminal medium voltage DC systems. In 1988, he joined the General Electric Company Corporate Research and Development Center, Schenectady, NY, leading research on drives and high-power soft-switching converters for aerospace, industrial, and traction applications. He also invented the Auxiliary Resonant Commutated Pole Inverter, offering full PWM modulation at highest efficiency in three-phase systems. From 1994, he has been a Vice President, Technology, at Silicon Power Corporation (formerly GE-SPCO), responsible for high-power converter systems and MOS controlled thyristor devices and the development and production of a 15-kV medium-voltage static transfer switch (MVSTS).
Since 1996, he has been a professor at RWTH Aachen University of Technology (RWTH), Aachen, Germany, leading the Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives. In 2006 he was also appointed director of the E.ON Energy Research Center at RWTH and chair of the Institute for Power Generation and Storage Systems. Currently, together with Prof. Sauer, he leads a team of 115 PhD assistants, researching drives, dc-to-dc converters, PV and wind inverters and battery storage systems for electric vehicles and renewable power sources. In 2014 he was also co-founder and since then director of the Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research Campus at RWTH.
He supervised 42 PhDs and over 300 Master or Dipl.-Ing. theses, published over 900 technical papers and holds more than 200 patents. He is an IEEE Fellow, a member of the EPE and the Flemish Engineering Association (ie-net). He received renowned awards, e.g. the IAS Outstanding Achievements Award (2002), the IEEE Power Engineering Custom Power Award (2008) and the 2020 IEEE Medal in Power Engineering. 2010 till 2020, he was member of the German National Platform for Electromobility. He is a member of the French automotive research institute VEDECOM.

Antonello Monti (Hrsg.)

Univ. Prof. Antonello Monti, Ph.D., received his M.Sc degree (summa cum laude) and his PhD in Electrical Engineering from Politecnico di Milano, Italy in 1989 and 1994 respectively. He started his career in Ansaldo Industria and then moved in 1995 to Politecnico di Milano as Assistant Professor. In 2000 he joined the Department of Electrical Engineering of the University of South Carolina (USA) as Associate and then Full Professor, where he has been Associate Director of the Virtual Test Bed project, which focuses in computational simulation and visualization of modern power distribution system that fully integrate power electronics into the network design. Since 2008 he is the director of the Institute for Automation of Complex Power System, with more than 40 fulltime research associates, within the E.ON Energy Research Center at RWTH Aachen University. He was Coordinator of the EU FP7 project COOPERaTEm and the H2020 project ADMS, and technical manager of the H2020 projects SUCCESS and RE-SERVE. From 2020 he has been technical leader of the H2020 project HYPERRIDE.
He is author or co-author of more than 300 peer-reviewed papers published in international Journals and in the proceedings of International conferences. He is a Senior Member of IEEE, Associate Editor of the IEEE System Journal, Associate Editor of IEEE Electrification Magazine, Member of the Editorial Board of the Elsevier Journal SEGAN and member of the founding board of the Springer Journal "Energy Informatics". In 2017 he received the 2017 IEEE Field Medal Award, Innovation in Societal Infrastructure. Since 2014 he is also a member of the board of Directors of the Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research Campus, of which he has been a co-founder.

Albert Moser (Hrsg.)

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Albert Moser studied and received his doctorate in electrical power engineering at RWTH Aachen University before working for Siemens AG in Nuremberg and Minneapolis from 1997 to 2000 in the field of power system control technology and deregulation applications for TSOs/ISOs in the liberalized US market. In 2000, he moved to the European Energy Exchange AG (EEX) in Frankfurt and Leipzig. There he built up the exchange power, gas, CO2 and coal markets as well as the clearing house in a leading position until 2009, before he finally returned to RWTH Aachen University in 2009 as a university professor and head of the Institute for Power Systems and Power Economics (IAEW). At the same time, he took over the task of the board of FGH e.V. from 2009 until 2020. Since 2020, he has been head of the Chair of Transmission Grids and Energy Economics of the Institute for High Voltage Equipment and Grids, Digitalization and Energy Economics, which was formed by the merger of IAEW and the Institute for High Voltage Technology (IFHT). In addition, he is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board for Regulatory Issues of the Federal Network Agency, the Future Council of Westenergie AG, the Advisory Board of RWE AG, the Scientific Advisory and Project Board of 50 Hertz Transmission GmbH, the Supervisory Board of FGH e.V., and the technical-scientific organizations IEEE, CIGRE, VDE, ETG, FNN and DVGW. In 2014 he was one of the co-founders of the Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research Campus. He is member of the FEN Board of Directors.

Eva-Maria Jakobs (Hrsg.)

Prof. Dr. phil. Eva-Maria Jakobs works as Professor for Text Linguistics and Technical Communication at the Institute of Linguistics and Communication Studies at RWTH Aachen University. She is also director of the Human-Computer Interaction Centre at the RWTH Aachen University, and the Institute for Industrial Communication and Business Media. Her research focusses on professional communication and interaction in technology-related contexts and companies; the use, design, and communicative usability of digital media; technology perception and acceptance, and other topics such as age and technology. Eva-Maria Jakobs is an active member of the German Academy of Science and Engineering (acatech). She is active in various national and international specialist societies, editor of several book series and member of the editorial boards of various journals. Starting with its foundation 2014, she is a member of the Board of Directors of the Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research Campus, leading the division Socio-Economics since 2019.

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